Umuringa
Iyo igice gikungahaye kuri aluminiyumu ya aluminium-umuringa ni 548, ubwinshi bwumuringa muri aluminium ni 5.65%. Iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse kugera kuri 302, gukomera kwumuringa ni 0.45%. Umuringa ni ikintu cyingenzi kivanze kandi gifite igisubizo gikomeye gikomeza. Byongeye kandi, CuAl2 igwa no gusaza igira ingaruka zigaragara zo gusaza. Umuringa uri muri aluminiyumu isanzwe iri hagati ya 2,5% na 5%, kandi ingaruka zo gushimangira nibyiza mugihe umuringa uri hagati ya 4% na 6.8%, bityo rero umuringa wibintu byinshi bya duraluminine biri murwego. Amavuta ya aluminium-umuringa arashobora kuba arimo silikoni nkeya, magnesium, manganese, chromium, zinc, fer nibindi bintu.
Silicon
Iyo igice gikungahaye kuri aluminiyumu ya sisitemu ya Al-Si alloy ifite ubushyuhe bwa eutectic ya 577, imbaraga nyinshi za silicon mu gisubizo gikomeye ni 1.65%. Nubwo ubushyuhe bugabanuka hamwe nubushyuhe bugabanuka, mubisanzwe iyi mavuta ntishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe. Aluminium-silicon alloy ifite ibintu byiza byo guta no kurwanya ruswa. Niba magnesium na silicon byongewe kuri aluminiyumu icyarimwe kugirango bibe aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy, icyiciro cyo gushimangira ni MgSi. Umubare rusange wa magnesium na silicon ni 1.73: 1. Mugihe cyo gushushanya ibigize Al-Mg-Si alloy, ibiri muri magnesium na silicon bigizwe muriki kigereranyo kuri matrix. Kugirango tunoze imbaraga za al-Mg-Si zimwe na zimwe, hongewemo urugero rwumuringa, kandi hongewemo chromium ikwiye kugirango hirindwe ingaruka mbi zumuringa mukurwanya ruswa.
Amashanyarazi ntarengwa ya Mg2Si muri aluminiyumu mu gice gikungahaye kuri aluminiyumu igice cya fayili ya equilibrium igishushanyo cya sisitemu ya Al-Mg2Si ni 1.85%, kandi kwihuta ni bito uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Muri aluminiyumu yahinduwe, kongeramo silikoni yonyine muri aluminiyumu bigarukira gusa ku bikoresho byo gusudira, kandi kongeramo silikoni kuri aluminiyumu nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye.
Magnesium
Nubwo kugabanuka gukata byerekana ko gukomera kwa magnesium muri aluminiyumu bigabanuka cyane uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka, ibirimo magnesium mubice byinshi byahinduwe na aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu iri munsi ya 6%. Ibirimo bya silicon nabyo biri hasi. Ubu bwoko bwa alloy ntibushobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe, ariko bufite gusudira neza, kurwanya ruswa, nimbaraga zo hagati. Gukomeza aluminium na magnesium biragaragara. Kuri buri 1% kwiyongera kwa magnesium, imbaraga za tensile ziyongera hafi 34MPa. Niba hongeweho munsi ya 1% manganese, ingaruka zo gukomera zirashobora kongerwaho. Kubwibyo, kongeramo manganese birashobora kugabanya ibirimo magnesium kandi bikagabanya ubushake bwo gucika. Byongeye kandi, manganese irashobora kandi kugwa kimwe Mg5Al8 ibice, bikarwanya ruswa no gukora gusudira.
Manganese
Iyo ubushyuhe bwa eutectic yuburinganire bwa tekinike iringaniye ya sisitemu ya Al-Mn ya alloy ni 658, ubwinshi bwikigereranyo cya manganese mubisubizo bikomeye ni 1.82%. Imbaraga zivanze ziyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwikemurwa. Iyo ibirimo manganese ari 0.8%, kurambura bigera ku giciro kinini. Al-Mn alloy ni imyaka idakomera, ni ukuvuga ko idashobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe. Manganese irashobora gukumira uburyo bwo kongera gukora aliyumu ya aluminiyumu, kongera ubushyuhe bwa rerystallisation, no gutunganya neza ibinyampeke byongeye gushyirwaho. Kunonosora ibinyampeke byongeye guterwa ahanini nuko ibice bitatanye byimvange ya MnAl6 bibuza gukura kwimbuto zongeye gushyirwaho. Ikindi gikorwa cya MnAl6 nugushonga ibyuma byanduye kugirango bibe (Fe, Mn) Al6, bigabanya ingaruka mbi zicyuma. Manganese nikintu cyingenzi muri aluminiyumu. Irashobora kongerwaho wenyine kugirango ikore Al-Mn binary alloy. Kenshi na kenshi, byongeweho hamwe nibindi bintu bivanga. Kubwibyo, amavuta menshi ya aluminiyumu arimo manganese.
Zinc
Amashanyarazi ya zinc muri aluminium ni 31,6% kuri 275 mugice gikungahaye kuri aluminiyumu igice cyicyiciro cya equilibrium igishushanyo cya sisitemu ya Al-Zn, mugihe ibishobora gukomera bigabanuka kugera kuri 5.6% kuri 125. Kongera zinc byonyine muri aluminium bifite iterambere rito cyane muri imbaraga za aluminiyumu ivanze mubihe byo guhindura ibintu. Muri icyo gihe, hariho impengamiro yo guturika kwangirika, bityo bikagabanya ikoreshwa ryayo. Ongeramo zinc na magnesium muri aluminiyumu icyarimwe bigize icyiciro cyo gukomeza Mg / Zn2, gifite ingaruka zikomeye zo gukomera. Iyo ibirimo Mg / Zn2 byiyongereye kuva kuri 0.5% bikagera kuri 12%, imbaraga zingutu nimbaraga zitanga umusaruro zirashobora kwiyongera cyane. Muri superhard aluminiyumu aho ibinini bya magnesium birenze urugero rusabwa kugirango habeho icyiciro cya Mg / Zn2, mugihe igipimo cya zinc na magnesium kigenzurwa hafi ya 2.7, kurwanya ruswa kwangirika ni byinshi. Kurugero, kongeramo ibintu byumuringa kuri Al-Zn-Mg bigize Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ikurikirana. Ingaruka yo gushimangira ishingiro nini muri aluminiyumu zose. Nibikoresho byingenzi bya aluminiyumu ivanze mu kirere, inganda zindege, ninganda zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Icyuma na silikoni
Icyuma cyongeweho nkibintu bivangavanze muri seriveri ya Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe byakozwe na aluminiyumu, kandi silikoni yongewemo nkibintu bivangavanze muri seriveri ya Al-Mg-Si byakozwe na aluminium no muri serie ya Al-Si yo gusudira hamwe na aluminium-silikoni. ibinure. Muburyo bwa aluminiyumu, silikoni nicyuma nibintu bisanzwe byanduye, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya alloy. Zibaho cyane nka FeCl3 na silicon yubusa. Iyo silikoni nini kuruta icyuma, hashingwa icyiciro cya Fe-FeSiAl3 (cyangwa Fe2Si2Al9), kandi iyo icyuma kinini kuruta silikoni, α-Fe2SiAl8 (cyangwa Fe3Si2Al12). Iyo igipimo cyicyuma na silikoni kidakwiye, bizatera gucikamo ibice. Iyo ibyuma biri muri aluminiyumu biba hejuru cyane, gukina bizaba byoroshye.
Titanium na Boron
Titanium nikintu gikoreshwa cyane mubyongeweho muri aluminiyumu, byongewe muburyo bwa Al-Ti cyangwa Al-Ti-B master alloy. Titanium na aluminiyumu bigize icyiciro cya TiAl2, gihinduka intangiriro idahwitse mugihe cyo korohereza ibintu kandi ikagira uruhare mugutunganya imiterere ya casting nuburyo bwo gusudira. Iyo Al-Ti alloys ihuye na pack reaction, ibintu bikomeye bya titanium ni 0.15%. Niba boron ihari, umuvuduko ni muto nka 0.01%.
Chromium
Chromium ni ikintu cyongeweho muburyo bwa Al-Mg-Si, Al-Mg-Zn, na Al-Mg ikurikirana. Kuri 600 ° C, ibishishwa bya chromium muri aluminium ni 0.8%, kandi ntibishobora gushonga mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Chromium ikora intermetallic compound nka (CrFe) Al7 na (CrMn) Al12 muri aluminium, ikabuza nucleaux niterambere ryikura rya rerystallisation kandi ikagira ingaruka zikomeye kuri alloy. Irashobora kandi kunoza ubukana bwumuti kandi bikagabanya kwibasirwa no guturika kwangirika.
Ariko, urubuga rwongera ibyiyumvo byo kuzimya, bigatuma firime ya anodize iba umuhondo. Ingano ya chromium yongewe kuri aluminiyumu muri rusange ntabwo irenga 0.35%, kandi igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwinzibacyuho muri alloy.
Strontium
Strontium ni ubuso-bukora ibintu bishobora guhindura imyitwarire ya intermetallic compound ibice byiciro. Kubwibyo, kuvura kuvura hamwe na strontium birashobora kunoza imikorere ya plastike yumuti hamwe nubwiza bwibicuruzwa byanyuma. Bitewe nigihe kirekire cyo guhindura, ingaruka nziza no kororoka, strontium yasimbuye ikoreshwa rya sodium muri Al-Si casting alloys mumyaka yashize. Ongeraho 0.015% ~ 0,03% strontium kuri aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu yo gukuramo ihindura phase-AlFeSi icyiciro muri ingot mu cyiciro cya α-AlFeSi, kugabanya igihe cyo guhuza ingot 60% ~ 70%, kunoza imiterere yubukanishi no gutunganya ibikoresho bya plastike; kunoza ubuso bwibicuruzwa.
Kuri silikoni ndende (10% ~ 13%) yahinduwe na aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu, wongeyeho 0,02% ~ 0.07% element ya strontium irashobora kugabanya kristu yibanze kugeza byibuze, kandi nubukanishi nabwo bwateye imbere cyane. Imbaraga zingana bb ziyongereye kuva kuri 233MPa zigera kuri 236MPa, naho umusaruro w. Ongeramo strontium kuri hypereutectic Al-Si alloy irashobora kugabanya ubunini bwibice bya silicon yibanze, kunoza imitunganyirize ya plastike, kandi bigafasha kuzunguruka bishyushye nubukonje.
Zirconium
Zirconium nayo ni inyongera isanzwe muri aluminiyumu. Mubisanzwe, amafaranga yongewe kuri aluminiyumu ni 0.1% ~ 0.3%. Zirconium na aluminiyumu bigize ZrAl3 ibice, bishobora kubangamira gahunda yo kongera gukora no gutunganya ibinyampeke byongeye gushyirwaho. Zirconium irashobora kandi gutunganya imiterere ya casting, ariko ingaruka ni nto kuruta titanium. Kubaho kwa zirconium bizagabanya ingaruka zo gutunganya ingano ya titanium na boron. Muri Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, kubera ko zirconium igira ingaruka ntoya mu kuzimya ibyiyumvo kuruta chromium na manganese, birakwiye gukoresha zirconium aho gukoresha chromium na manganese kugirango itunganyirize imiterere yongeye gushyirwaho.
Ntibisanzwe
Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi byongewe kumyunyu ngugu ya aluminiyumu kugirango byongere ibice bya supercooling mugihe cyo guta aluminiyumu, gutunganya ibinyampeke, kugabanya umwanya wa kirisiti ya kabiri, kugabanya imyuka no kwinjiza muri alloy, kandi bikunda gutera spheroidize icyiciro cyo kuyishyiramo. Irashobora kandi kugabanya ubuso bwubuso bwashonga, kongera amazi, no koroshya guteramo ingobyi, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere. Nibyiza kongeramo isi itandukanye idasanzwe muburyo bwa 0.1%. Kwiyongera kwisi ivanze idasanzwe (ivanze na La-Ce-Pr-Nd, nibindi) igabanya ubushyuhe bukomeye bwo gushiraho akarere ka G? P gusaza muri Al-0,65% Mg-0,61% Si alloy. Amavuta ya aluminiyumu arimo magnesium arashobora gutera metamorphism yibintu bidasanzwe byisi.
Umwanda
Vanadium ikora VAl11 ivangavanga muri aluminiyumu, igira uruhare mu gutunganya ibinyampeke mugihe cyo gushonga no kuyitera, ariko uruhare rwayo ni ruto ugereranije na titanium na zirconium. Vanadium nayo ifite ingaruka zo gutunganya imiterere yongeye gushyirwaho no kongera ubushyuhe bwa rerystallisation.
Gukomera gukomeye kwa calcium muri aluminiyumu ni bike cyane, kandi ikora CaAl4 hamwe na aluminium. Kalisiyumu ni ikintu cyiza cyane cya aluminiyumu. Aluminiyumu ivanze na calcium hafi 5% na manganese 5% ifite superplasticity. Kalisiyumu na silicon bigize CaSi, idashobora gushonga muri aluminium. Kubera ko igisubizo gikomeye cya silicon cyagabanutse, amashanyarazi ya aluminiyumu yinganda arashobora kunozwa gato. Kalisiyumu irashobora kunoza imikorere yo kugabanya aluminiyumu. CaSi2 ntishobora gushimangira aluminiyumu binyuze mu kuvura ubushyuhe. Kurikirana urugero rwa calcium bifasha mugukuramo hydrogen muri aluminiyumu yashongeshejwe.
Kurongora, amabati, na bismuth nibintu byo hasi gushonga. Gukomera kwinshi muri aluminiyumu ni nto, bigabanya gato imbaraga za alloy, ariko birashobora kunoza imikorere yo guca. Bismuth yaguka mugihe cyo gukomera, ifasha kugaburira. Ongeramo bismuth kumyunyu ngugu ya magnesium irashobora kwirinda sodium.
Antimony ikoreshwa cyane cyane muguhindura ibishishwa bya aluminiyumu, kandi ntibikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwa aluminiyumu yahinduwe. Gusa usimbuze bismuth muri Al-Mg yahinduye aluminiyumu kugirango wirinde kwinjiza sodium. Ibintu bya Antimony byongewe kuri Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ibivanze kugirango tunoze imikorere yuburyo bukonje kandi bukonje.
Beryllium irashobora kunoza imiterere ya firime ya oxyde muri aluminiyumu yahinduwe kandi ikagabanya igihombo cyo gutwika hamwe no gushiramo mugihe cyo gushonga no guta. Beryllium nikintu cyuburozi gishobora gutera uburozi bwa allergique mubantu. Kubwibyo, beryllium ntishobora kuba muri aluminiyumu ihura nibiryo n'ibinyobwa. Ibirimo bya beryllium mubikoresho byo gusudira mubisanzwe bigenzurwa munsi ya 8μg / ml. Aluminiyumu ikoreshwa nka gusudira insimburangingo nayo igomba kugenzura ibirimo beryllium.
Sodium hafi ya yose idashobora gushonga muri aluminium, kandi ibishobora gukomera cyane biri munsi ya 0.0025%. aho gushonga kwa sodiumi ni muke (97.8 ℃), iyo sodium iba iri muri alloy, iba yanditswe hejuru ya dendrite cyangwa imbibi zingano mugihe cyo gukomera, mugihe cyo gutunganya bishyushye, sodium kumupaka wimbuto ikora urwego rwamazi ya adsorption, bikavamo gucikamo ibice, gushiraho ibice bya NaAlSi, nta sodium yubusa ibaho, kandi ntibitanga "sodium brittle".
Iyo magnesium irenze 2%, magnesium ikuramo silikoni ikagwa sodium yubusa, bikavamo "sodium brittleness". Kubwibyo, magnesium aluminium alloy ntabwo yemerewe gukoresha umunyu wa sodium. Uburyo bwo gukumira “sodium embrittlement” burimo chlorine, itera sodium gukora NaCl hanyuma igasohoka muri slag, ikongeramo bismuth ikora Na2Bi ikinjira muri matrix y'icyuma; kongeramo antimoni yo gukora Na3Sb cyangwa kongeramo isi idasanzwe nabyo bishobora kugira ingaruka zimwe.
Byahinduwe na Gicurasi Jiang wo muri MAT Aluminium
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2024
