Ikizamini cyingufu zikoreshwa cyane cyane mukumenya ubushobozi bwibikoresho byibyuma byo kurwanya ibyangiritse mugihe cyo kurambura, kandi nikimwe mubimenyetso byingenzi byo gusuzuma imiterere yibikoresho.
1. Ikizamini cya Tensile
Ikizamini cya tensile gishingiye kumahame shingiro yubukanishi bwibikoresho. Mugukoresha umutwaro uremereye kubintu byintangarugero mubihe bimwe na bimwe, bitera guhindagurika kugeza igihe icyitegererezo kimenetse. Mugihe cyikizamini, ihindagurika ryikigereranyo cyikigereranyo munsi yimitwaro itandukanye hamwe nuburemere ntarengwa iyo sample yamenetse yanditswe, kugirango ubare imbaraga zumusaruro, imbaraga zingana nibindi bipimo byerekana ibikoresho.
Guhangayikishwa σ = F / A.
σ ni imbaraga zingana (MPa)
F ni umutwaro uremereye (N)
A nigice cyambukiranya igice cyikigereranyo
2. Umurongo uteganijwe
Isesengura ryibyiciro byinshi byo kurambura:
a. Murwego rwa OP hamwe numutwaro muto, kurambura biri mumurongo ugereranije numutwaro, kandi Fp numutwaro ntarengwa wo gukomeza umurongo ugororotse.
b. Nyuma yuko umutwaro urenze Fp, umurongo ucuramye utangira gufata umubano utari umurongo. Icyitegererezo cyinjira muburyo bwambere bwo guhindura ibintu, kandi umutwaro urakurwaho, kandi icyitegererezo gishobora gusubira muburyo bwacyo kandi bigahinduka.
c. Nyuma yuko umutwaro urenze Fe, umutwaro urakurwaho, igice cyo guhindura ibintu kiragarurwa, naho igice cyo guhindura ibintu gisigara kigumaho, cyitwa plastike deformasiyo. Fe yitwa imipaka ntarengwa.
d. Iyo umutwaro wiyongereye cyane, umurongo uteganijwe werekana ibiti. Iyo umutwaro utiyongereye cyangwa ngo ugabanuke, ibintu byo gukomeza kurambura urugero rwikigereranyo byitwa gutanga umusaruro. Nyuma yo gutanga, icyitegererezo gitangira guhinduka muburyo bwa plastike.
e. Nyuma yo gutanga, icyitegererezo cyerekana ubwiyongere bwo kurwanya deformasiyo, gukomera kumurimo no gushimangira imbaraga. Iyo umutwaro ugeze kuri Fb, igice kimwe cyicyitegererezo kigabanuka cyane. Fb ni imipaka ntarengwa.
f. Kugabanuka ibintu biganisha ku kugabanuka kwubushobozi bwikitegererezo. Iyo umutwaro ugeze kuri Fk, icyitegererezo kiracika. Ibi byitwa umutwaro wavunitse.
Gutanga Imbaraga
Imbaraga zitanga umusaruro nigiciro kinini cyibintu byuma bishobora kwihanganira kuva intangiriro yimiterere ya plastike kugirango ivunike burundu iyo ikorewe imbaraga ziva hanze. Agaciro kerekana ingingo yingenzi aho ibintu bigenda biva mubyiciro bya elastique bigahinduka kuri plastike yo guhindura ibintu.
Ibyiciro
Imbaraga zo hejuru zitanga umusaruro: bivuga guhangayikishwa cyane nicyitegererezo mbere yuko imbaraga zigabanuka kunshuro yambere mugihe umusaruro ubaye.
Imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro muke: bivuga guhangayikishwa byibura murwego rwo gutanga umusaruro mugihe ingaruka yambere yinzibacyuho yirengagijwe. Kubera ko agaciro k'umusaruro muke ugereranije gahagaze neza, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo kurwanya ibintu, bita umusaruro cyangwa imbaraga z'umusaruro.
Inzira yo kubara
Ku musaruro wo hejuru wo hejuru: R = F / Sₒ, aho F nimbaraga nini mbere yuko imbaraga zigabanuka kunshuro yambere murwego rwo gutanga umusaruro, na Sₒ nigice cyambere cyambukiranya igice cyicyitegererezo.
Kubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro muke: R = F / Sₒ, aho F ningufu ntoya F yirengagije ingaruka zambere zinzibacyuho, na Sₒ nigice cyambere cyambukiranya igice cyicyitegererezo.
Igice
Igice cyimbaraga zumusaruro mubisanzwe MPa (megapascal) cyangwa N / mm² (Newton kuri milimetero kare).
Urugero
Fata ibyuma bike bya karubone nkurugero, umusaruro wacyo mubisanzwe ni 207MPa. Iyo ikorewe imbaraga zo hanze zirenze iyi mipaka, ibyuma bya karubone nkeya bizana ihinduka rihoraho kandi ntibishobora gusubirwamo; iyo ikorewe imbaraga zitari munsi yiyi mipaka, ibyuma bike bya karubone birashobora gusubira muburyo bwambere.
Imbaraga zitanga umusaruro nimwe mubipimo byingenzi byo gusuzuma imiterere yibikoresho byibyuma. Irerekana ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kurwanya ihindagurika rya plastike iyo ikorewe imbaraga ziva hanze.
Imbaraga
Imbaraga za Tensile nubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kurwanya ibyangiritse munsi yumutwaro uremereye, bigaragazwa byumwihariko nkigiciro kinini cyibintu bishobora kwihanganira mugihe cyikibazo. Iyo guhangayika cyane kubintu birenze imbaraga zabyo, ibikoresho bizahinduka plastike cyangwa ivunika.
Inzira yo kubara
Ibiharuro byo kubara imbaraga (σt) ni:
σt = F / A.
Aho F ni imbaraga ntarengwa (Newton, N) urugero rushobora kwihanganira mbere yo kumeneka, na A nigice cyambere cyambukiranya igice cyikigereranyo (milimetero kare, mm²).
Igice
Igice cyimbaraga zingana ni MPa (megapascal) cyangwa N / mm² (Newton kuri milimetero kare). 1 MPa ingana na 1.000.000 Newtons kuri metero kare, nayo ingana na 1 N / mm².
Impamvu
Imbaraga zingutu ziterwa nibintu byinshi, harimo ibigize imiti, microstructure, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gutunganya, nibindi. Ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite imbaraga zinyuranye, kuburyo mubikorwa bifatika, birakenewe guhitamo ibikoresho biboneye bishingiye kumiterere yubukanishi bwa ibikoresho.
Gushyira mu bikorwa
Imbaraga za Tensile ningingo yingenzi cyane mubijyanye nibikoresho bya siyanse nubuhanga, kandi akenshi bikoreshwa mugusuzuma imiterere yibikoresho. Kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera, guhitamo ibikoresho, gusuzuma umutekano, nibindi, imbaraga zingutu nikintu kigomba gusuzumwa. Kurugero, mubwubatsi bwubwubatsi, imbaraga zingana zicyuma nikintu cyingenzi mukumenya niba gishobora kwihanganira imizigo; mubijyanye nindege, imbaraga zingana zibikoresho byoroheje kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi nurufunguzo rwo kurinda umutekano windege.
Imbaraga z'umunaniro:
Umunaniro wibyuma bivuga uburyo ibikoresho nibigize bigenda byangiza buhoro buhoro kwangirika kwahantu hamwe cyangwa ahantu hamwe na hamwe cyangwa guhangayikishwa nizuba, kandi gucika cyangwa kuvunika gutunguranye bibaho nyuma yumubare runaka wizunguruka.
Ibiranga
Gutungurana mugihe: Kunanirwa kwibyuma bikunze kubaho gitunguranye mugihe gito nta bimenyetso bigaragara.
Ahantu mumwanya: Kunanirwa numunaniro bikunze kugaragara mubice byibanze aho guhangayika.
Kumva neza ibidukikije nudusembwa: Umunaniro wibyuma urumva cyane ibidukikije nudusimba duto imbere mubikoresho, bishobora kwihutisha inzira yumunaniro.
Impamvu
Stress amplitude: Ubunini bwimyitwarire bugira ingaruka zubuzima bwumunaniro wicyuma.
Impuzandengo yo guhangayika: Iyo impuzandengo iringaniye, niko ubuzima bwumunaniro bugufi.
Umubare w'inzinguzingo: Inshuro icyuma kiba gihangayikishijwe cyane cyangwa cyinshi, niko gukomera kwinshi kwangirika k'umunaniro.
Ingamba zo gukumira
Hindura neza guhitamo ibikoresho: Hitamo ibikoresho bifite umunaniro mwinshi.
Kugabanya kwibanda ku guhangayika: Kugabanya kwibanda ku guhangayika ukoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cyangwa uburyo bwo gutunganya, nko gukoresha inzibacyuho izengurutse, kongera ibipimo byambukiranya ibice, n'ibindi.
Kuvura hejuru: Gusiga, gutera, nibindi hejuru yicyuma kugirango ugabanye inenge kandi utezimbere imbaraga zumunaniro.
Kugenzura no kubungabunga: Kugenzura buri gihe ibice byibyuma kugirango uhite umenya kandi usane inenge nkibice; komeza ibice bikunda umunaniro, nko gusimbuza ibice byashaje no gushimangira imiyoboro idakomeye.
Umunaniro w'icyuma ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kunanirwa ibyuma, burangwa no gutungurana, ahantu hamwe no kumva ibidukikije. Stress amplitude, impuzandengo yubunini bwumubare numubare wizunguruko nibintu nyamukuru bigira ingaruka kumunaniro wicyuma.
SN umurongo: isobanura umunaniro wubuzima bwibikoresho murwego rutandukanye, aho S igereranya stress na N igereranya umubare wizunguruka.
Umunaniro w'imbaraga z'umunaniro:
(Kf = Ka \ cdot Kb \ cdot Kc \ cdot Kd \ cdot Ke)
Aho (Ka) ni ibintu biremereye, (Kb) nubunini bwubunini, (Kc) nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, (Kd) nuburinganire bwubuso, kandi (Ke) nibintu byizewe.
SN gutandukanya imibare imvugo:
(\ sigma ^ m N = C)
Aho (\ sigma) ni stress, N numubare wikizunguruka, na m na C nibintu bifatika.
Intambwe zo Kubara
Menya ibintu bifatika:
Menya indangagaciro za m na C ukoresheje ubushakashatsi cyangwa ukoresheje ibitabo bijyanye.
Menya ibintu byibanda ku guhangayika: Reba imiterere nubunini bwigice, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhangayika biterwa no kuzuza, inzira nyamukuru, nibindi, kugirango umenye impamvu yibibazo bya K. Kubara imbaraga zumunaniro: Ukurikije umurongo wa SN hamwe na stress kwibanda kubintu, bifatanije nubuzima bwashushanyije hamwe nurwego rwo guhangayikishwa nakazi, kubara imbaraga zumunaniro.
2. Plastike:
Plastike bivuga umutungo wibintu, iyo bikorewe imbaraga ziva hanze, bitanga ihinduka rihoraho bitavunitse mugihe imbaraga zo hanze zirenze imipaka yazo. Ihinduka ntirisubirwaho, kandi ibikoresho ntibizasubira muburyo bwambere nubwo imbaraga zo hanze zavanyweho.
Icyerekezo cya plastike nuburyo bwo kubara
Kurambura (δ)
Igisobanuro: Kurambura ni ijanisha rya deforme yuzuye ya gipimo nyuma yikigereranyo kimaze gucika intege kugeza uburebure bwa mbere.
Inzira: δ = (L1 - L0) / L0 × 100%
Aho L0 nuburebure bwumwimerere uburebure bwikigereranyo;
L1 nuburebure bwa gipima nyuma yikigereranyo kimenetse.
Kugabanya ibice (Ψ)
Igisobanuro: Kugabanya ibice ni ijanisha ryo kugabanuka kwinshi mu gice cyambukiranya agace ku ijosi nyuma yikigereranyo kimenetse kugeza ku gice cyambere cyambukiranya.
Inzira: Ψ = (F0 - F1) / F0 × 100%
Aho F0 nigice cyambere cyambukiranya igice cyikigereranyo;
F1 nigice cyambukiranya agace ku ijosi nyuma yikigereranyo kimenetse.
3. Gukomera
Gukomera kwicyuma nigipimo cyumutungo wo gupima ubukana bwibikoresho byicyuma. Irerekana ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ihindagurika mububiko bwaho hejuru yicyuma.
Gutondekanya no kwerekana ubukana bw'icyuma
Gukomera kwicyuma bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gutondeka no guhagararirwa ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kugerageza. Ahanini ushizemo ibi bikurikira:
Gukomera kwa Brinell (HB):
Igipimo cyo gukoreshwa: Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugihe ibikoresho byoroshye, nkibyuma bidafite fer, ibyuma mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe cyangwa nyuma yo gufatana.
Ihame ryikizamini: Hamwe nubunini bunini bwikizamini cyibizamini, umupira wicyuma cyangwa umupira wa karbide wa diameter runaka ukanda hejuru yicyuma kugirango ugerageze, kandi umutwaro urapakururwa nyuma yigihe cyagenwe, na diameter ya indentation. hejuru kugirango bapimwe hapimwe.
Imibare yo kubara: Agaciro ka Brinell nigiciro cyabonetse mugabanye umutwaro nubuso bwubuso bwa indentation.
Gukomera kwa Rockwell (HR):
Igipimo cyo gusaba: Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mubikoresho bifite ubukana buhanitse, nkubukomezi nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe.
Ihame ryikizamini: Bisa nubukomezi bwa Brinell, ariko ukoresheje probe zitandukanye (diyama) nuburyo butandukanye bwo kubara.
Ubwoko: Ukurikije porogaramu, hariho HRC (kubikoresho bikomeye), HRA, HRB nubundi bwoko.
Gukomera kwa Vickers (HV):
Igipimo cyo gusaba: Birakwiye gusesengura microscope.
Ihame ryikizamini: Kanda hejuru yibintu bifite umutwaro uri munsi ya 120kg hamwe na diyama kare ya cone indenter ifite inguni ya vertex ingana na 136 °, hanyuma ugabanye ubuso bwubuso bwibintu byerekana indangagaciro kugirango ubone agaciro ka Vickers.
Gukomera kwa Leeb (HL):
Ibiranga: Igeragezwa ryikigereranyo, byoroshye gupima.
Ihame ryikizamini: Koresha bounce iterwa numupira wumupira nyuma yo gukubita hejuru yubukomere, hanyuma ubare ubukana ukurikije igipimo cyumuvuduko wo kugaruka kwa punch kuri 1mm kuva hejuru yicyitegererezo kugera kumuvuduko w ingaruka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-25-2024
