Gufata no kuzimya no gusaza nuburyo bwibanze bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa aluminium. Annealing ni uburyo bworoshye bwo kuvura, ikigamijwe ni ugukora amavuta avanze kandi ahamye muburyo n'imiterere, gukuraho akazi gakomeye, no kugarura plastike yumuti. Kuzimya no gusaza ni uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bukomeza, intego yabyo ni ukongera imbaraga za alloy, kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri aluminiyumu ishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe.
1 Annealing
Ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye byumusaruro, aluminium alloy annealing igabanijwe muburyo butandukanye: ingot homogenisation annealing, bilet annealing, hagati yigihe gito hamwe nibicuruzwa byarangiye.
1.1 Ingot homogenisation annealing
Mugihe ibintu byihuta byihuta hamwe no kuringaniza kuringaniza, ingot igomba kuba ifite imiterere nuburyo butaringaniye, kandi ikagira n'imihangayiko ikomeye imbere. Kugirango uhindure iki kibazo kandi utezimbere imikorere ishyushye ya ingot, muri rusange homogenisation annealing irasabwa.
Kugirango uteze imbere ikwirakwizwa rya atome, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugomba gutoranywa kugirango bahuze homogenisation, ariko ntibigomba kurenza aho gushonga hasi eutectic gushonga ya alloy. Mubisanzwe, homogenisation annealing ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 5 ~ 40 ℃ munsi yo gushonga, kandi igihe cyo guhuza ni hagati ya 12 ~ 24h.
1.2 Kwiyandikisha
Kwishyiriraho bilet bivuga annealing mbere yimiterere ya mbere ikonje mugihe cyo gutunganya igitutu. Ikigamijwe ni ugukora fagitire kubona imiterere iringaniye kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura plastike ntarengwa. Kurugero, ubushyuhe bwanyuma bwubushyuhe bwa aluminiyumu ivanze ni 280 ~ 330 ℃. Nyuma yo gukonja vuba mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ibintu bigoye akazi ntibishobora kuvaho burundu. By'umwihariko, kubushuhe buvurwa na aluminiyumu yongerewe imbaraga, nyuma yo gukonjesha byihuse, inzira yo kongera kwisubiramo ntabwo yarangiye, kandi igisubizo gikomeye kirenze urugero nticyarangiritse rwose, kandi igice cyibikorwa byo gukomera no kuzimya kiracyakomeza. Biragoye gukonjesha bikabije nta annealing, bityo billet annealing irakenewe. Kubidafite ubushyuhe butavuwe na aluminiyumu ikomera, nka LF3, ubushyuhe bwa annealing ni 370 ~ 470 and, kandi gukonjesha ikirere bikorwa nyuma yo gushyushya 1.5 ~ 2.5h. Ubushyuhe bwa bilet hamwe na annealing bikoreshwa mugutunganya imbeho ikonje bigomba kuba hejuru cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burashobora gutoranywa. Kuri aluminiyumu ishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe, nka LY11 na LY12, ubushyuhe bwa bilet ni 390 ~ 450 ℃, bugashyirwa kuri ubu bushyuhe bwa 1 ~ 3h, hanyuma bukonjeshwa mu ziko kugeza munsi ya 270 ℃ ku gipimo kitarenze 30 ℃ / h hanyuma kigakonjeshwa n’umwuka.
1.3 Hagati ya annealing
Hagati ya annealing bivuga guhuza hagati yimikorere ikonje, intego yayo ni ugukuraho akazi gakomeye kugirango byoroherezwe guhindagurika. Muri rusange, nyuma yuko ibikoresho bimaze gushyirwa hamwe, bizagorana gukomeza gukora imbeho utiriwe uhuza hagati nyuma yo guhinduka 45 ~ 85%.
Sisitemu yuburyo bwo guhuza intera hagati irasa cyane nubwa bilet annealing. Ukurikije ibisabwa kugirango impamyabumenyi ihindagurika ikonje, intera iringaniye irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: annealing yuzuye (deformasiyo yuzuye ε≈60 ~ 70%), annealing yoroshye (ε≤50%) hamwe na annealing (ε≈30 ~ 40%). Sisitemu ebyiri za mbere zifata ni kimwe na billet annealing, hanyuma izashyuha kuri 320 ~ 350 ℃ kuri 1.5 ~ 2h hanyuma umwuka ukonja.
1.4. Ibicuruzwa byarangiye
Kurangiza ibicuruzwa birangiye ni uburyo bwa nyuma bwo kuvura ubushyuhe butanga ibikoresho bimwe mubikorwa byubuyobozi hamwe nubukanishi ukurikije ibisabwa bya tekiniki y'ibicuruzwa.
Ibicuruzwa byarangiye birashobora kugabanywa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru (kubyara ibicuruzwa byoroshye) hamwe nubushyuhe buke (umusaruro wibicuruzwa bitoroshye muri leta zitandukanye). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugomba kwemeza ko hashobora kuboneka uburyo bwuzuye bwo kongera gukora no kongera plastike. Mugihe cyo kwemeza ko ibikoresho bibona imiterere n'imikorere, igihe cyo gufata ntigikwiye kuba kirekire. Kuri aluminiyumu ishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe, kugirango hirindwe ingaruka zo kuzimya ikirere, igipimo cyo gukonjesha kigomba kugenzurwa cyane.
Ubushyuhe buke burimo annealing yo kugabanya ibibazo hamwe no koroshya igice cya annealing, zikoreshwa cyane cyane muri aluminiyumu nziza no kuvura ubushyuhe budashyigikiwe na aluminiyumu. Gutegura ubushyuhe buke bwa annealing sisitemu nakazi katoroshye cyane, ntigomba gusa gutekereza ku bushyuhe bwa annealing no gufata umwanya, ahubwo igomba no gutekereza ku ngaruka ziterwa n’umwanda, urwego ruvanze, ihindagurika rikonje, ubushyuhe buri hagati yubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Kugirango hategurwe sisitemu yo hasi yubushyuhe, birakenewe gupima impinduka zimpinduka hagati yubushyuhe bwa annealing hamwe nubukanishi, hanyuma ukamenya igipimo cyubushyuhe bwa annealing ukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekanwe mubihe bya tekiniki.
2 Kuzimya
Kuzimya amavuta ya aluminiyumu nanone byitwa kuvura ibisubizo, aribyo gushonga ibintu byinshi bivanga mubyuma nkicyiciro cya kabiri mugisubizo gikomeye gishoboka binyuze mubushyuhe bwo hejuru, hanyuma hagakurikiraho gukonjeshwa byihuse kugirango hirindwe imvura yicyiciro cya kabiri, bityo ubone ibisubizo birenze urugero bya aluminium α igisubizo gikomeye, cyateguwe neza kubuvuzi bukurikira.
Intangiriro yo kubona supersaturated α igisubizo gikomeye ni uko gukomera kwicyiciro cya kabiri muri alloy muri aluminium bigomba kwiyongera cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, bitabaye ibyo, intego yo kuvura igisubizo gikomeye ntishobora kugerwaho. Ibintu byinshi bivanga muri aluminiyumu birashobora gukora igishushanyo mbonera cya eutectic hamwe nibi biranga. Dufashe urugero rwa Al-Cu ruvanze, ubushyuhe bwa eutectic ni 548 and, naho ubushyuhe bwicyumba cyo gukuramo umuringa muri aluminium ntabwo buri munsi ya 0.1%. Iyo ashyutswe kuri 548 ℃, imbaraga zayo ziyongera kuri 5.6%. Kubwibyo, Al-Cu ibinyobwa birimo umuringa uri munsi ya 5,6% byinjira mukarere ka α icyiciro kimwe nyuma yubushyuhe burenze umurongo wa solvus, ni ukuvuga ko icyiciro cya kabiri CuAl2 cyasheshwe burundu muri matrix, kandi igisubizo kimwe kirenze α igisubizo gikomeye gishobora kuboneka nyuma yo kuzimya.
Kuzimya nigikorwa cyingenzi kandi gisaba cyane kuvura ubushyuhe bwa aluminium. Icyangombwa ni uguhitamo ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo kuzimya no kwemeza igipimo cyo kuzimya gihagije, no kugenzura neza ubushyuhe bwitanura no kugabanya kuzimya.
Ihame ryo guhitamo ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ni ukongera ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ubushyuhe bushoboka bwose mugihe harebwa niba amavuta ya aluminiyumu adashya cyangwa ibinyampeke bikura cyane, kugirango byongere supersaturation yumuti α ukomeye nimbaraga nyuma yo kuvura gusaza. Muri rusange, itanura rya aluminiyumu risaba ubushyuhe bwo kugenzura itanura kugira ngo ribe muri ± 3 and, kandi umwuka wo mu itanura uhatirwa kuzenguruka kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw’itanura bube bumwe.
Kurenza urugero rwa aluminiyumu iterwa no gushonga igice cyibice-bishonga-buke imbere yibyuma, nka binary cyangwa ibintu byinshi bya eutectics. Kurenza urugero ntibitera kugabanuka kwimiterere yubukanishi gusa, ahubwo binagira ingaruka zikomeye kubirwanya ruswa. Kubwibyo, iyo aluminiyumu imaze gutwikwa, ntishobora kuvaho kandi ibicuruzwa bivanze bigomba gukurwaho. Ubushyuhe nyabwo bwo gutwika aluminiyumu igenwa cyane cyane nuburinganire bwimiterere nibirimo umwanda, kandi bifitanye isano na reta itunganya amavuta. Ubushyuhe bukabije bwibicuruzwa byakozwe muburyo bwo gutunganya plastike birenze ibyo guta. Nuburyo bunini bwo gutunganya ibintu, biroroshye byoroshye kubutaringaniza buke-gushonga-ingingo yibice gushonga muri matrise iyo bishyushye, bityo ubushyuhe nyabwo bukabije bwiyongera.
Igipimo cyo gukonjesha mugihe cyo kuzimya amavuta ya aluminiyumu kigira ingaruka zikomeye kubushobozi bwo gusaza no kurwanya ruswa. Mugihe cyo kuzimya LY12 na LC4, birakenewe ko α igisubizo gikomeye kidacika, cyane cyane ahantu h’ubushyuhe bwa 290 ~ 420 and, kandi harakenewe igipimo kinini cyo gukonjesha. Mubisanzwe hateganijwe ko igipimo cyo gukonja kigomba kuba hejuru ya 50 ℃ / s, naho kuri LC4 ivanze, igomba kugera cyangwa irenga 170 ℃ / s.
Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane bwo kuzimya aluminiyumu ni amazi. Imyitozo yumusaruro yerekana ko uko igipimo cyo gukonja mugihe cyo kuzimya, niko guhangayika gusigara no guhindura ibintu bisigaye byibintu byazimye. Kubwibyo, kubikorwa bito bifite imiterere yoroshye, ubushyuhe bwamazi burashobora kuba munsi gato, muri rusange 10 ~ 30 ℃, kandi ntibigomba kurenga 40 ℃. Kubikorwa bifite imiterere igoye kandi itandukanye cyane mubyimbye byurukuta, kugirango ugabanye kuzimya no gucika, ubushyuhe bwamazi burashobora rimwe na rimwe kwiyongera kugera kuri 80 ℃. Icyakora, hagomba kwerekanwa ko uko ubushyuhe bwamazi yikigega kizimya bwiyongera, imbaraga hamwe no kurwanya ruswa yibikoresho nabyo bigabanuka uko bikwiye.
3. Gusaza
3.1 Guhindura gahunda no guhindura imikorere mugihe cyo gusaza
Supersaturated α igisubizo gikomeye cyabonetse mukuzimya ni imiterere idahindagurika. Iyo bishyushye, bizabora kandi bihinduke muburyo buringaniye. Dufashe urugero rwa Al-4Cu nk'urugero, imiterere iringaniye igomba kuba α + CuAl2 (θ icyiciro). Iyo icyiciro kimwe kirenze α igisubizo gikomeye nyuma yo kuzimya gishyushye gusaza, niba ubushyuhe buri hejuru bihagije, θ icyiciro kizagwa mu buryo butaziguye. Bitabaye ibyo, bizakorwa mubyiciro, ni ukuvuga, nyuma yinzibacyuho yo hagati, icyiciro cya nyuma cyo kuringaniza CuAl2 gishobora kugerwaho. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana imiterere ya kristu iranga buri cyiciro cyimvura mugihe cyo gusaza kwa Al-Cu alloy. Igishushanyo a. ni kristu ya lattice imiterere muburyo bwazimye. Muri iki gihe, ni icyiciro kimwe α igisubizo kirenze urugero, kandi atome z'umuringa (utudomo twirabura) ziragabanijwe kandi ku buryo butunguranye muri materix ya aluminium (utudomo twera). Igishushanyo b. yerekana imiterere ya lattike mugihe cyambere cyimvura. Atome z'umuringa zitangira kwibanda mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya matrix kugirango bibe agace ka Guinier-Preston, bita agace ka GP. Agace ka GP ni nto cyane kandi gafite disiki, ifite umurambararo wa 5 ~ 10μm n'ubugari bwa 0.4 ~ 0,6nm. Umubare wa GP zone muri matrix ni nini cyane, kandi ubwinshi bwikwirakwizwa burashobora kugera kuri 10¹⁷ ~ 10¹⁸cm-³. Imiterere ya kristu ya zone ya GP iracyari imwe nki ya matrix, byombi ni cubic-centre cubic, kandi ikomeza intera ihuza na matrix. Ariko, kubera ko ingano ya atome y'umuringa ari ntoya ugereranije na atome ya aluminiyumu, gutunganyiriza atome z'umuringa bizatera akazu ka kristu kari hafi y'akarere kugabanuka, bitera kugoreka akazu.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyimiterere ya kristu ihinduka ya Al-Cu alloy mugihe cyo gusaza
Igishushanyo a. Leta yazimye, icyiciro kimwe α igisubizo gikomeye, atome z'umuringa (utudomo twirabura) ziragabanijwe neza;
Igishushanyo b. Mubyiciro byambere byo gusaza, zone ya GP irashingwa;
Igishushanyo c. Mugihe cyanyuma cyo gusaza, igice cyinzibacyuho kirahinduka;
Igishushanyo d. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru gusaza, imvura igereranije icyiciro cya equilibrium
Agace ka GP nigicuruzwa cyambere kibanziriza kugwa kigaragara mugihe cyo gusaza kwa aluminiyumu. Kwagura igihe cyo gusaza, cyane cyane kongera ubushyuhe bwo gusaza, bizanakora ibindi byiciro byinzibacyuho. Muri Al-4Cu alloy, hariho θ ”na θ 'ibyiciro nyuma ya zone ya GP, hanyuma amaherezo icyiciro cya equilibrium CuAl2 kigeze. Ingano ya θ nini kuruta iy'akarere ka GP, iracyafite disiki, ifite umurambararo wa 15 ~ 40nm n'ubugari bwa 0.8 ~ 2.0nm. Ikomeje kugumana intera ihujwe na matrix, ariko urwego rwo kugoreka lattice ni rwinshi. Iyo uhindutse uva kuri θ ”ujya kuri θ 'icyiciro, ubunini bwakuze bugera kuri 20 ~ 600nm, umubyimba ni 10 ~ 15nm, kandi intera ihuriweho nayo irasenywa igice, ihinduka igice kimwe, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo c.
Ukurikije uko byavuzwe haruguru, gahunda yo gusaza kwa Al-Cu alloy ni αs → α + GP zone → α + θ ”→ α + θ '→ α + θ.
Mugihe cyo gusaza, zone ya GP nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho yaguye muri matrix ni ntoya mubunini, iratatanye cyane, kandi ntabwo byoroshye guhinduka. Muri icyo gihe, bitera kugoreka latike muri matrix kandi bigakora umurima uhangayitse, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubangamira urujya n'uruza rwa dislokasiyo, bityo bikongerera imbaraga zo kurwanya ihindagurika rya plastike ryumuti kandi bikongerera imbaraga no gukomera. Uku gusaza gukomeye kwitwa imvura ikomera. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ihinduka rikomeye rya Al-4Cu alloy mugihe cyo kuzimya no kuvura gusaza muburyo bwumurongo. Icyiciro cya I mubishushanyo byerekana ubukana bwa alloy muburyo bwambere. Bitewe n'amateka atandukanye ashyushye akora, ubukana bwa reta yumwimerere buratandukanye, muri rusange HV = 30 ~ 80. Nyuma yo gushyushya kuri 500 ℃ no kuzimya (icyiciro cya II), atome zose z'umuringa zishonga muri matrix kugirango zibe icyiciro kimwe cya supersaturated α igisubizo gikomeye hamwe na HV = 60, ibyo bikubye kabiri ubukana muri leta yometse (HV = 30). Nibisubizo byigisubizo gikomeye gishimangira. Nyuma yo kuzimya, ishyirwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi ubukana bwumusemburo bwiyongera buri gihe kubera guhora kwa GP zone (icyiciro cya III). Ubu buryo bwo gusaza gukomera mubushyuhe bwicyumba byitwa gusaza bisanzwe.
Jyewe;
II - igisubizo gikomeye;
III - gusaza bisanzwe (GP zone);
IVa - kuvura gusubira inyuma kuri 150 ~ 200 ℃ (byongeye gukemurwa muri zone ya GP);
IVb - gusaza mu buryo bwa gihanga (θ ”+ θ 'icyiciro);
V - kurenza urugero (θ ”+ θ 'icyiciro)
Mu cyiciro cya IV, amavuta ashyushye kugeza kuri 150 ° C kugirango ashaje, kandi ingaruka zikomeye zigaragara cyane kuruta izisaza risanzwe. Muri iki gihe, ibicuruzwa by'imvura ni cyane cyane phase ”icyiciro, gifite ingaruka zikomeye zo gukomera muri Al-Cu alloys. Niba ubushyuhe bwo gusaza bwarushijeho kwiyongera, icyiciro cyimvura kiva mucyiciro cya θ Niba ubukana bugera ku gipimo ntarengwa cyo gukomera gishobora kuvangwa nyuma yo gusaza (ni ukuvuga icyiciro cya IVb), ubu busaza bwitwa gusaza cyane. Niba agaciro gakomeye katagerwaho, byitwa gusaza cyangwa kudasaza kwuzuye. Niba agaciro k'impinga karenganye kandi ubukana bugabanuka, byitwa gusaza cyane. Kuvura gusaza kuvura nabyo ni ugusaza cyane. Agace ka GP kakozwe mugihe cyo gusaza karemano ntigihungabana cyane. Iyo ubushyuhe bwihuse kubushyuhe bwo hejuru, nka 200 ° C, kandi bugakomeza gushyuha mugihe gito, akarere ka GP kazongera gushonga mugisubizo α gikomeye. Niba ikonje vuba (yazimye) mbere yizindi nzego zinzibacyuho nka θ ”cyangwa θ 'imvura igwa, umusemburo urashobora gusubizwa uko wahoze uzimye. Iki kintu cyitwa" gusubira inyuma ", kikaba ari igabanuka rikomeye ryerekanwa numurongo utudomo murwego rwa IVa mubishushanyo.
Gukomera kw'imyaka ni ishingiro ryo guteza imbere ubushyuhe buvangwa na aluminiyumu, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukomera buba bufitanye isano na sisitemu yo kuvura hamwe na sisitemu yo kuvura ubushyuhe. Al-Si na Al-Mn binini binini nta ngaruka igabanya ubukana kuko icyiciro cyo kuringaniza imvura igwa mugihe cyo gusaza, kandi ni aluminiyumu idashobora gukoreshwa. Nubwo Al-Mg ivanze irashobora gukora GP zone nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho β ', zifite gusa ubushobozi bwimvura igabanya ubukana bwa magnesium nyinshi. Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Mg, Al-Mg-Si na Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ibishishwa bifite imbaraga zikomeye zo gukomera kwimvura muri zone ya GP hamwe nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho, kandi kuri ubu ni sisitemu nyamukuru ishobora kuvangwa nubushyuhe kandi igashimangirwa.
3.2 Gusaza bisanzwe
Mubisanzwe, aluminiyumu ishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe igira ingaruka zo gusaza nyuma yo kuzimya. Gukomeza gusaza bisanzwe biterwa na GP zone. Gusaza bisanzwe bikoreshwa cyane muri Al-Cu na Al-Cu-Mg. Gusaza bisanzwe bya Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ibinyobwa bimara igihe kirekire, kandi akenshi bifata amezi menshi kugirango bigere ku gihagararo gihamye, bityo sisitemu yo gusaza isanzwe ntabwo ikoreshwa.
Ugereranije no gusaza kwubukorikori, nyuma yo gusaza bisanzwe, imbaraga zumusemburo wa alloy ziri hasi, ariko plastike nubukomezi nibyiza, kandi birwanya ruswa. Imiterere ya super-ikomeye ya aluminium ya sisitemu ya Al-Zn-Mg-Cu iratandukanye gato. Kurwanya ruswa nyuma yo gusaza kwubukorikori akenshi nibyiza kuruta nyuma yo gusaza bisanzwe.
3.3 Gusaza
Nyuma yo kuvura ibihimbano, aluminiyumu irashobora kubona imbaraga nyinshi cyane (cyane cyane icyiciro cyinzibacyuho ishimangira) hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya. Aluminium ikomeye cyane, aluminiyumu yahimbwe na aluminiyumu ishaje cyane cyane. Ubushyuhe bwo gusaza nigihe cyo gusaza bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya alloy. Ubushyuhe bwo gusaza ahanini buri hagati ya 120 ~ 190 and, kandi igihe cyo gusaza ntirenza 24h.
Usibye gusaza icyiciro kimwe cyo gusaza, aluminiyumu irashobora kandi gukoresha sisitemu yo gusaza. Ni ukuvuga, gushyushya bikorwa kabiri cyangwa birenga kubushyuhe butandukanye. Kurugero, LC4 alloy irashobora kuba ifite imyaka 115 ~ 125 ℃ kuri 2 ~ 4h hanyuma kuri 160 ~ 170 ℃ kuri 3 ~ 5h. Gusaza buhoro buhoro ntibishobora kugabanya igihe gusa, ariko kandi binatezimbere microstructure ya Al-Zn-Mg na Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, kandi bitezimbere cyane kurwanya ruswa, imbaraga zumunaniro no gukomera kuvunika bitagabanije cyane cyane imiterere yubukanishi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-06-2025
