1.Iriburiro
Kuremerera ibinyabiziga byatangiriye mu bihugu byateye imbere kandi byabanje kuyoborwa n'ibihangange gakondo by'imodoka. Hamwe niterambere rihoraho, ryagize imbaraga zikomeye. Kuva igihe Abahinde bakoresheje bwa mbere aluminiyumu kugira ngo babone imashini zikoresha amamodoka kugeza ku ncuro ya mbere ya Audi yakozwe n’imodoka zose za aluminiyumu mu 1999, amavuta ya aluminiyumu yagaragaye cyane mu gukoresha amamodoka kubera ibyiza byayo nk’ubucucike buke, imbaraga zidasanzwe no gukomera, elastique nziza ningaruka zo guhangana, kongera gukoreshwa cyane, nigipimo kinini cyo kuvuka. Kugeza 2015, igipimo cya aluminiyumu ivanze mumodoka cyari kimaze kurenga 35%.
Ubushinwa bworoheje bw’imodoka bwatangiye mu myaka itarenze 10 ishize, kandi ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’urwego rushyirwa mu bikorwa biri inyuma y’ibihugu byateye imbere nk'Ubudage, Amerika, n'Ubuyapani. Ariko, hamwe niterambere ryimodoka nshya zingufu, uburemere bwibintu bigenda bitera imbere byihuse. Gukoresha izamuka ry’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu, ikoranabuhanga ryoroheje ry’imodoka mu Bushinwa ryerekana inzira yo gufata ibihugu byateye imbere.
Isoko ryibikoresho byoroheje mubushinwa ni binini. Ku ruhande rumwe, ugereranije n’ibihugu byateye imbere mu mahanga, ikoranabuhanga ryoroheje ry’Ubushinwa ryatangiye bitinze, kandi muri rusange imodoka ya Curb uburemere nini. Urebye igipimo cyibikoresho byoroheje ugereranije n’ibihugu by’amahanga, haracyari umwanya uhagije w’iterambere mu Bushinwa. Ku rundi ruhande, bitewe na politiki, iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda nshya z’ingufu z’Ubushinwa bizamura ibyifuzo by’ibikoresho byoroheje kandi bishishikarize ibigo by’imodoka kugana ku mucyo.
Gutezimbere ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe nogukoresha lisansi ni uguhatira kwihuta kwimodoka zoroheje. Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa byimazeyo ibipimo by’ibyuka byoherezwa mu Bushinwa mu 2020. Dukurikije “Uburyo bwo gusuzuma no kwerekana ibipimo byo gukoresha lisansi y’imodoka zitwara abagenzi” hamwe na “Roadmap yo kuzigama ingufu n’ingufu nshya z’ibinyabiziga,” igipimo cya 5.0 L / km. Urebye umwanya muto kugirango habeho iterambere ryinshi mu ikoranabuhanga rya moteri no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gufata ingamba ku bikoresho byoroheje by’imodoka birashobora kugabanya neza imyuka y’ibinyabiziga no gukoresha lisansi. Korohereza ibinyabiziga bishya byingufu byahindutse inzira yingenzi mu iterambere ryinganda.
Mu mwaka wa 2016, Ishyirahamwe ry’imodoka z’Ubushinwa ryasohoye “Ikarita y’ingufu zo kuzigama no gukoresha ingufu nshya z’ibinyabiziga,” yateganyaga ibintu nko gukoresha ingufu, ingendo zigenda, ndetse n’ibikoresho byo gukora ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu kuva 2020 kugeza 2030. Kuremerera bizaba icyerekezo cy'ingenzi. kugirango iterambere ryimbere ryimodoka nshya zingufu. Kuremerera birashobora kongera ingendo kandi bigakemura "impungenge zurwego" mumodoka nshya. Hamwe n’ibisabwa bigenda byiyongera mu ngendo ndende, uburemere bw’ibinyabiziga bwihutirwa, kandi kugurisha ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu byiyongereye cyane mu myaka yashize. Ukurikije ibisabwa muri sisitemu y’amanota na “Gahunda yo Guteza Imbere Hagati-Yigihe kirekire y’inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga,” bivugwa ko mu 2025, Ubushinwa bugurisha imodoka nshya z’ingufu zizarenga miliyoni 6, hamwe n’ubwiyongere buri mwaka igipimo kirenga 38%.
2.Aluminum Alloy Ibiranga na Porogaramu
2.1 Ibiranga Aluminiyumu
Ubucucike bwa aluminium ni kimwe cya gatatu cyibyuma, bigatuma byoroha. Ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gusohora, kurwanya ruswa ikomeye, hamwe no kongera gukoreshwa. Amavuta ya aluminiyumu arangwa no kuba agizwe ahanini na magnesium, yerekana ubushyuhe bwiza, imiterere yo gusudira, imbaraga zumunaniro mwiza, kudashobora gukomera no kuvura ubushyuhe, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kongera imbaraga binyuze mubikorwa bikonje. Urukurikirane 6 rurangwa no kuba ahanini rugizwe na magnesium na silicon, hamwe na Mg2Si nkicyiciro nyamukuru cyo gushimangira. Amavuta akoreshwa cyane muriki cyiciro ni 6063, 6061, na 6005A. Isahani ya aluminiyumu 5052 ni AL-Mg ikurikirana ya aluminiyumu isahani, hamwe na magnesium nkibintu nyamukuru bivanga. Nibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane birwanya anti-rust aluminium. Iyi mavuta ifite imbaraga nyinshi, imbaraga zumunaniro mwinshi, plastike nziza hamwe no kurwanya ruswa, ntishobora gushimangirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe, ifite plastike nziza mumirimo ikonje ikonje, plastike nkeya mumirimo ikonje ikomera, irwanya ruswa, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gusudira. Ikoreshwa cyane mubice nkibice byuruhande, igifuniko cyo hejuru, hamwe nimbaho zumuryango. 6063 aluminium aliyumu ni ubushyuhe bushobora kuvangwa nubushyuhe bukurikirana muri AL-Mg-Si, hamwe na magnesium na silicon nkibintu nyamukuru bivanga. Nubushyuhe-bushobora gushimangira imbaraga za aluminium alloy umwirondoro hamwe nimbaraga ziciriritse, zikoreshwa cyane mubice bigize imiterere nkinkingi hamwe na panne kuruhande kugirango bitware imbaraga. Intangiriro kumanota ya aluminiyumu yerekanwe kumeza 1.
2.2 Gukuramo ni uburyo bwingenzi bwo gushiraho Aluminiyumu
Gukuramo aluminiyumu ni uburyo bushyushye bwo gukora, kandi inzira yose yo kubyara ikubiyemo gukora aluminiyumu munsi yuburyo butatu bwo kwikanyiza. Ibikorwa byose byakozwe bishobora gusobanurwa gutya: a. Aluminium nandi mavuta arashonga hanyuma akajugunywa muri bileti ya aluminiyumu isabwa; b. Impapuro zishyushye zishyirwa mubikoresho byo gukuramo. Mubikorwa bya silindiri nkuru, bilet ya aluminium alloy ikorwa mumwirondoro usabwa unyuze mu cyuho cyibumba; c. Kugirango tunonosore imiterere yubukorikori bwa aluminiyumu, kuvura igisubizo bikorwa mugihe cyangwa nyuma yo kuyikuramo, hakurikiraho kuvurwa gusaza. Imiterere ya mashini nyuma yo gusaza iratandukanye ukurikije ibikoresho bitandukanye nubusaza. Imiterere yubushyuhe bwimiterere yikamyo yerekana amakamyo yerekanwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Ibicuruzwa bya aluminiyumu bivanze bifite inyungu nyinshi kurenza ubundi buryo bwo gukora:
a. Mugihe cyo gukuramo, icyuma cyakuweho kibona imbaraga zikomeye kandi zisa nuburyo butatu bwo kwikanyiza muri zone deformasiyo kuruta kuzunguruka no guhimba, bityo irashobora gukina byimazeyo plastike yicyuma gitunganijwe. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibyuma bigoye-guhindura-ibintu bidashobora gutunganywa no kuzunguruka cyangwa guhimba kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibintu bitandukanye bigoye cyangwa ibice bikomeye.
b. Kuberako geometrie yerekana imyirondoro ya aluminiyumu ishobora gutandukana, ibiyigize bifite ubukana bwinshi, bushobora kuzamura ubukana bwumubiri wikinyabiziga, kugabanya imiterere ya NVH, no kunoza imiterere yimodoka.
c. Ibicuruzwa bifite umusaruro ushimishije, nyuma yo kuzimya no gusaza, bifite imbaraga ndende ndende (R, Raz) kuruta ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe nubundi buryo.
d. Ubuso bwibicuruzwa nyuma yo gukuramo bifite ibara ryiza kandi birwanya ruswa, bikuraho ubundi buryo bwo kuvura ruswa.
e. Gutunganya ibicuruzwa bifite ibintu byoroshye guhinduka, ibikoresho bike hamwe nibiciro, hamwe nigiciro gito cyo guhindura.
f. Bitewe no kugenzura imiterere ya aluminiyumu yambukiranya ibice, urwego rwo guhuza ibice rushobora kwiyongera, umubare wibigize urashobora kugabanuka, kandi ibishushanyo mbonera bitandukanye bishobora kugera kumwanya wo gusudira neza.
Kugereranya imikorere hagati yumwirondoro wa aluminiyumu yamakamyo yo mu bwoko bwamakamyo nicyuma gisanzwe cya karubone bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3.
Ibikurikira Iterambere Icyerekezo cya Aluminium Alloy Umwirondoro wubwoko bwamakamyo: Kurushaho kunoza imbaraga zumwirondoro no kuzamura imikorere. Icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi bwibikoresho bishya bya aluminium alloy imyirondoro yamakamyo yo mu bwoko bwa agasanduku irerekanwa mu gishushanyo 1.
3.Aluminum Alloy Agasanduku Imiterere yamakamyo, Isesengura ryimbaraga, no kugenzura
3.1 Imiterere ya kamyo ya Aluminiyumu
Ikamyo yikamyo igizwe ahanini nintebe yimbere yimbere, ibumoso nu ruhande rwiburyo, guterana kumuryango winyuma, guterana hasi, guteranya igisenge, hamwe na U-shusho ya U, abarinzi kuruhande, abarinzi b'inyuma, ibyuma byondo, nibindi bikoresho. ihujwe na chassis yo mucyiciro cya kabiri. Agasanduku k'umubiri wambukiranya ibiti, inkingi, imbaho zo ku mpande, hamwe n'inzugi z'umuryango bikozwe mu mwirondoro wa aluminiyumu, mu gihe hasi n'ibisenge bikozwe mu isahani ya aluminiyumu 5052. Imiterere yikamyo ya aluminiyumu yerekanwa mu gishushanyo cya 2.
Ukoresheje uburyo bushyushye bwo gukuramo ibice 6 bya aluminiyumu irashobora gukora ibice bitoboye byambukiranya ibice, igishushanyo mbonera cya aluminiyumu hamwe n’ibice bigoye bishobora kubika ibikoresho, byujuje ibisabwa byimbaraga n’ibicuruzwa, kandi byujuje ibisabwa kugirango uhuze hagati ibice bitandukanye. Kubwibyo, ibyingenzi byingenzi bishushanya imiterere nibice bya inertia I hamwe nigihe cyo kurwanya W byerekanwe mubishusho 3.
Kugereranya amakuru yingenzi mu mbonerahamwe ya 4 yerekana ko ibihe byigice cya inertia nigihe cyo kurwanya ibihe bya aluminiyumu yabugenewe ari byiza kuruta amakuru ajyanye numwirondoro wakozwe nicyuma. Coefficient coefficient data irasa nkaho ari iy'ibishushanyo mbonera bikozwe mu cyuma, kandi byose byujuje ibisabwa.
3.2 Kubara Stress ntarengwa
Gufata urufunguzo rwikoreza ibintu, kwambukiranya ibintu, nkikintu, guhangayika ntarengwa birabaze. Umutwaro wapimwe ni 1.5 t, kandi crossbeam ikozwe muri 6063-T6 ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu ifite imiterere yubukanishi nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 5. Igiti cyoroshe nkuburyo bwa kantileveri yo kubara imbaraga, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4.
Ufashe urumuri rwa 344mm, umutwaro wo kwikuramo urumuri ubarwa nka F = 3757 N ushingiye kuri 4.5t, wikubye inshuro eshatu umutwaro usanzwe uhagaze. q = F / L.
aho q ni impungenge zimbere yumurambararo munsi yumutwaro, N / mm; F ni umutwaro utwarwa nigiti, ubarwa ukurikije inshuro 3 umutwaro usanzwe uhagaze, ni 4.5 t; L ni uburebure bw'igiti, mm.
Kubwibyo, guhangayika imbere q ni:
Inzira yo kubara impagarara niyi ikurikira:
Umwanya ntarengwa ni:
Ufashe agaciro ntarengwa k'akanya, M = 274283 N · mm, imihangayiko ntarengwa σ = M / (1.05 × w) = 18,78 MPa, hamwe n’agaciro ntarengwa σ <215 MPa, yujuje ibisabwa.
3.3 Guhuza Ibiranga Ibice Bitandukanye
Aluminiyumu ivanze ifite imiterere yo gusudira, kandi imbaraga zayo zo gusudira ni 60% gusa byimbaraga zifatizo. Bitewe no gupfuka igipande cya Al2O3 hejuru ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu, aho gushonga kwa Al2O3 ni muremure, mugihe aho gushonga kwa aluminiyumu ari muke. Iyo aluminiyumu isuditswe, Al2O3 hejuru igomba gucika vuba kugirango ikore gusudira. Muri icyo gihe, ibisigisigi bya Al2O3 bizaguma mu gisubizo cya aluminiyumu, bigira ingaruka ku miterere ya aluminiyumu kandi bigabanya imbaraga z’icyuma cyo gusudira cya aluminium. Kubwibyo, mugihe dushushanya ibintu byose bya aluminiyumu, ibyo biranga birasuzumwa neza. Gusudira nuburyo bukuru bwo guhagarara, kandi ibice byingenzi bitwara imitwaro bihujwe na bolts. Ihuza nka riveting na dovetail imiterere irerekanwa mumashusho 5 na 6.
Imiterere yingenzi ya all-aluminiyumu isanduku yumubiri ifata imiterere ifite imirongo itambitse, inkingi zihagaritse, imirishyo yuruhande, hamwe nibiti byuruhande bifatanye. Hano hari ingingo enye zihuza hagati ya buri murongo utambitse hamwe ninkingi ihagaritse. Ingingo zihuza zashyizwemo gasketi zometse kuri mesh hamwe nuruhande rwuruhande rwibiti bya horizontal, birinda neza kunyerera. Ingingo umunani zinguni zihujwe cyane cyane nicyuma cyinjizwamo ibyuma, gishyizwe hamwe na bolts hamwe no kwifungisha, kandi bigashimangirwa na 5mm ya mpandeshatu ya aluminiyumu yasudutse imbere mu gasanduku kugirango ishimangire imyanya yimbere. Isura yo hanze yagasanduku ntigasudira cyangwa yerekanwe guhuza, byemeza isura rusange yisanduku.
3.4 SE Ikoranabuhanga rya tekinoroji
SE tekinoroji yubuhanga ikoreshwa mugukemura ibibazo biterwa nubunini bunini bwegeranijwe bwo gutandukanya ibice bigize umubiri hamwe ningorane zo gushakisha ibitera icyuho no kunanirwa. Binyuze mu isesengura rya CAE (reba Ishusho 7-8), isesengura rigereranya rikorwa hamwe nudusanduku twakozwe nicyuma kugirango tumenye imbaraga rusange nubukomere bwumubiri wamasanduku, ushake ingingo zidakomeye, kandi ufate ingamba zo kunoza no kunoza gahunda yo gushushanya neza .
4.Inkurikizi Ziremereye Zikamyo ya Aluminium Alloy
Usibye isanduku yumubiri, aluminiyumu irashobora gukoreshwa mugusimbuza ibyuma kubice bitandukanye bigize amakamyo yo mu bwoko bwamakamyo, nka mudguard, abarinzi b'inyuma, abarinzi b'uruhande, inzugi z'umuryango, inzugi z'umuryango, n'impande z'inyuma, kugira ngo bagabanye ibiro ya 30% kugeza 40% kubice by'imizigo. Ingaruka yo kugabanya ibiro kubintu 4080mm × 2300mm × 2200mm yuzuye imizigo irerekanwa mumbonerahamwe ya 6.Ibyo bikemura byimazeyo ibibazo byuburemere bukabije, kutubahiriza amatangazo, hamwe ningaruka ziterwa nibicuruzwa gakondo bikozwe mubyuma.
Mugusimbuza ibyuma gakondo hamwe na aluminiyumu ivanze nibikoresho byimodoka, ntibishobora kugerwaho gusa ingaruka nziza zoroheje, ariko birashobora no kugira uruhare mukuzigama lisansi, kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, no kunoza imikorere yimodoka. Kugeza ubu, hari ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku ruhare rwo kuremerera mu kuzigama lisansi. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bw’ikigo mpuzamahanga cya Aluminiyumu byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 9. Buri kugabanuka kwa 10% ibiro by’ibinyabiziga bishobora kugabanya gukoresha lisansi 6% kugeza 8%. Ukurikije imibare yo mu gihugu, kugabanya uburemere bwa buri modoka itwara abagenzi ibiro 100 birashobora kugabanya gukoresha lisansi kuri 0.4 L / 100 km. Umusanzu woroheje mukuzigama lisansi ushingiye kubisubizo bivuye muburyo butandukanye bwubushakashatsi, bityo hariho itandukaniro. Nyamara, uburemere bwimodoka bugira ingaruka zikomeye mukugabanya gukoresha lisansi.
Ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ingaruka zoroheje ziragaragara cyane. Kugeza ubu, ingufu zingana za bateri zikoresha amashanyarazi ziratandukanye cyane n’ibinyabiziga bya peteroli bisanzwe. Uburemere bwa sisitemu yingufu (harimo na bateri) yimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi akenshi zingana na 20% kugeza 30% byuburemere bwibinyabiziga byose. Icyarimwe, guca intege imikorere ya bateri ni ikibazo cyisi yose. Mbere yuko habaho intambwe nini mu buhanga bwa bateri ikora cyane, uburemere bworoshye nuburyo bwiza bwo kuzamura ingendo z’ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Kuri buri kilo 100 kugabanya ibiro, urwego rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi rushobora kwiyongeraho 6% kugeza kuri 11% (isano iri hagati yo kugabanya ibiro nu rugendo rwerekanwa mubishusho 10). Kugeza ubu, ingendo z’ibinyabiziga bifite amashanyarazi meza ntibishobora guhaza ibyo abantu benshi bakeneye, ariko kugabanya ibiro ku mubare runaka birashobora guteza imbere cyane ingendo, bikagabanya amaganya no kunoza uburambe bwabakoresha.
5.Umwanzuro
Usibye imiterere ya aluminiyumu yose yikamyo ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu yatangijwe muri iyi ngingo, hari ubwoko butandukanye bwamakamyo yisanduku, nka panne yubuki ya aluminiyumu, amasahani ya aluminiyumu, amakaramu ya aluminiyumu + impu za aluminiyumu, hamwe n’ibikoresho bitwara imizigo ya aluminium . Bafite ibyiza byuburemere bworoshye, imbaraga zidasanzwe, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa, kandi ntibisaba irangi rya electrophoreque kugirango birinde ruswa, bigabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’irangi rya electrophoreque. Ikamyo ya aluminiyumu ivanze ikemura byimazeyo ibibazo byuburemere burenze urugero, kutubahiriza amatangazo, hamwe ningaruka zishobora kugenzurwa n’ibicuruzwa gakondo bikozwe mu byuma.
Extrusion nuburyo bwingenzi bwo gutunganya aluminiyumu, kandi imyirondoro ya aluminiyumu ifite imiterere yubukanishi, bityo igice cyo gukomera cyibice ni kinini. Bitewe nimpinduka zinyuranye, aluminiyumu irashobora kugera ku guhuza ibikorwa byinshi bigize ibice, bigatuma iba ibikoresho byiza byoroheje byimodoka. Nyamara, ikoreshwa ryinshi rya aluminiyumu ihura ningorabahizi nkubushobozi budahagije bwo gushushanya ibice bya aluminium alloy imizigo, gukora no gusudira, hamwe niterambere ryinshi no kuzamura ibicuruzwa bishya. Impamvu nyamukuru iracyari uko aluminiyumu igura ibirenze ibyuma mbere yuko ibidukikije byongera gukoreshwa muri aluminiyumu.
Mugusoza, igipimo cyo gukoresha aluminiyumu ivanze mumodoka kizaba kinini, kandi imikoreshereze yabyo izakomeza kwiyongera. Muri iki gihe cyo kuzigama ingufu, kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, no guteza imbere inganda nshya z’ingufu z’ingufu, hamwe no kurushaho gusobanukirwa n’imiterere ya aluminiyumu hamwe n’ibisubizo bifatika ku bibazo byo gukoresha aluminiyumu, ibikoresho byo gukuramo aluminiyumu bizakoreshwa cyane mu kuremerera imodoka.
Byahinduwe na Gicurasi Jiang wo muri MAT Aluminium
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-12-2024
