Aluminium nikintu cyicyuma cyinshi mubutaka bwisi. Nicyuma kitagira amabara hamwe nicyakabiri gisohoka kandi gikoreshwa kwisi nyuma yicyuma. Ifite ubucucike buke, hafi 1/3 cyibyuma. Kubera ko aluminiyumu yoroheje yoroshye kandi ifite imbaraga nke, kubwibyo, wongeyeho ibintu bike nka magnesium, umuringa, zinc, silicon, na lithium kuri aluminium, imikorere ya aluminiyumu ni nziza. Amavuta ya aluminiyumu ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byubatswe mu nganda kubera imiterere yabyo nziza kandi irwanya ruswa. Byakoreshejwe cyane mu bwubatsi, mu kirere, mu modoka, mu gukora imashini, kubaka ubwato no mu nganda.
Amavuta ya aluminiyumu afite ibintu byiza cyane mubukanishi na chimie:
Epects Ibikoresho bya mashini, bigaragarira cyane cyane mubucucike buke, imbaraga nyinshi, modulus nyinshi, nibindi. Aluminium ifite ubucucike buke kandi bworoshye kurusha ibindi byuma, 1/4 cyibyuma gusa, birakwiriye rero gukoreshwa mumirima ifite ibyangombwa byinshi byoroheje;
② Kubijyanye nimiterere yimiti, kubera ko aluminiyumu ishobora gukora firime yuzuye ya oxyde hejuru yikirere, irashobora kwikingira okiside yimbitse. Kubwibyo, ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa hamwe nibigize imiti ihamye.
③Aluminum alloy ifite plastike nziza kandi irashobora gutunganywa muburyo butandukanye. Ifite amashanyarazi meza cyane. Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, kandi imikoreshereze yayo ni iya kabiri nyuma yicyuma.
Kugeza ubu, hari aluminiyumu zirenga 250 zifite ibihimbano bitandukanye mu nganda. Mu rwego rwo koroshya itandukaniro, ukurikije ibihimbano bitandukanye bivangwa, Ubushinwa bwakoresheje uburyo mpuzamahanga bwemewe bwo mu rwego rw’imibare ine kugira ngo bworohereze ahakorerwa ibicuruzwa, kwibuka no kubara. Amavuta ya aluminiyumu akoreshwa mu nganda za gisirikare cyane cyane arimo aluminium-lithium, 2XXX (A1-Cu-Mg) hamwe na 7XXX ya aluminiyumu.
Isoko ryamasoko niterambere ryibikoresho bitandukanye bya aluminiyumu
2XXX ikurikirana ya aluminium
2XXX (A1-Cu-Mg) urukurikirane rwa aluminiyumu ifite imbaraga zingana cyane, ubukana n'umunaniro, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwiza, gutunganya no gusudira, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu kirere, mu modoka no mu ntwaro. Ibyiciro byingenzi ni 2A01, 2A02, 2A06, 2A11, 2A12, nibindi.
Ibikoresho by’Ubushinwa biratera imbere mu cyerekezo cyoroheje, kuramba, kwizerwa cyane no kugiciro gito, kandi bifite byinshi bisabwa kugirango ubukomere buvunike, kurwanya ikwirakwizwa ry’imitsi no kurwanya ruswa y’ibikoresho byuruhu rwa fuselage. Hashingiwe ku isahani yuzuye ya aluminiyumu 2024-T351, ibihugu by’amahanga byateje imbere 2324, 2624 n’ibindi byihanganira kwangirika kwinshi kwa aluminiyumu ivanze hejuru y’ibaba ryo hepfo ifite imbaraga zitandukanye, ubukana, umunaniro no kurwanya ruswa, kandi byageze no kuyishyira mu bikorwa. Ubushinwa butezimbere kwihanganira ibyangiritse 2XXX ya aluminiyumu. Mugihe kizaza, microalloying igizwe bizaba icyerekezo cyingenzi cyiterambere kuri Al-Cu-Mg ikurikirana-imbaraga za aluminiyumu.
4XXX ikurikirana ya aluminium
Kugeza ubu, eutectic na hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys ikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri piston yimodoka mubushinwa. Ariko, hamwe nogukomeza kunoza imikorere ya moteri, biragoye kuzuza ibisabwa. Hypereutectic Al-Si alloy ifite ubucucike buke, coefficente ntoya yo kwagura umurongo, kwihanganira kwambara no gukomera kwinshi, kandi nibikoresho byiza bya piston ugereranije na eutectic Al-Si alloys. Hypereutectic Al-Si allist piston yakozwe mu mahanga kandi ikoreshwa ku makamyo n'imodoka, nka A390 ivanze muri Amerika, AC9A na AC8A (ZL109) mu Buyapani, hamwe na A390 ivanze muri Ositaraliya. Nyamara, muri iki gihe hari inganda nke mu Bushinwa zitanga piston ya hypereutectic Al-Si alloy piston, kandi inyinshi muri zo zishingiye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Mubyongeyeho, hari intera nini hagati yimodoka ya turbocharger ya aluminium alloy ibikoresho nibihugu byamahanga. Imodoka ikora cyane turbocharger aluminium alloy ibikoresho ahanini bishingiye kubuyapani nibindi bihugu. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ibikoresho byingenzi byimodoka ya aluminiyumu ivanze na piston ikora cyane hamwe na moteri ya turbocharger.
5XXX Urukurikirane rwa Aluminiyumu
Amavuta ya Al-Mg, cyane cyane Al-Mg ivanze ifite Mg nyinshi, ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe, gusudira neza no kurwanya ruswa, kandi izahinduka ibikoresho birushanwe cyane mu kirere kizaza, gari ya moshi yihuta, inyanja n’izindi nzego. Kugeza ubu, isahani ya Al-Mg, imyirondoro hamwe n’insinga zo gusudira mu kirere, gari ya moshi, inyanja n’ibindi bikorwa ahanini bishingiye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru rwo gusudira ryonyine ryihariwe na ALCOA muri Amerika. ER5183 na ER5356 ibinyobwa ahanini bishingiye kubitumizwa mu mahanga, kandi ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bingana na 70% by'ibicuruzwa byabo. Al-Mg ivanga amato ahanini yishingira Uburusiya. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya alloys bifite Mg nyinshi bifite dendrite yateye imbere neza, gutandukanya icyiciro cya eutectic, no gukora nabi. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubu buracyafite ibibazo byinshi, nkibikorwa bike, ubuziranenge bugaragara, inzira ndende, ubwiza budahungabana, numusaruro muke. Kwihuta gukomeye no gushiraho birashobora kubuza imvura ya Mg, kandi mugihe kimwe, irashobora gutegekwa kubona kristu nziza ihwanye na kristu hamwe nicyiciro cya nano, bigatezimbere cyane imikorere nuburinganire bwibikoresho. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iterambere ryihuta ryihuse ryogukomeza kwifashisha imvugo nogukoresha tekinoroji ya Al-Mg ikora cyane biteganijwe ko izuzuza ibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge bwa Al-Mg.
6XXX Urukurikirane rwa Aluminiyumu
Ibikoresho bya 6XXX bya aluminiyumu ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu bijyanye no gutambutsa gari ya moshi, imodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n'ibindi. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, ibihugu n'uturere byateye imbere nk'Uburayi, Amerika, n'Ubuyapani byateje imbere amavuta ya aluminiyumu ku binyabiziga, amanota yanditswe nka 6009, 6016, 6010, 6111, 6022, na 6082, kandi hashyirwaho uburyo bwuzuye bwo gukora no gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorerwa mu ruganda, aluminium alloy umubiri wumubiri hamwe no kwibagirwa mubushinwa byatangiye, kandi hariho icyuho kigaragara. Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ry’Ubushinwa yasabye ko amabati ya aluminiyumu y’imodoka agomba gutezwa imbere ari: 6016-S, 6016-IH, 6016-IBR, 6A16-S, 6A16-IBR, 6022, n’ibindi. gukomera umusaruro wimbaraga ziyongera zitari munsi ya 80 N / mm2. Mu gusubiza ibikenewe bitandukanye, iterambere ryogushushanya, gutegura no gutunganya tekinoroji ya 6XXX ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu yabaye inzira byanze bikunze byiterambere.
7XXX Urukurikirane rwa Aluminiyumu
7XXX ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa kandi ni urukurikirane rukomeye muri aluminiyumu. Bamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk'ibikoresho by'indege. Vuba aha, ibihugu by’amahanga byateje imbere amavuta 7055 (Al8Zn-2.05Mg-2.3Cu-0.16Zr), impungenge z’umusaruro urenga MPa 620 muri leta ya T77511. Ikoreshwa mu ndege ya Boeing 777 kandi igabanya ibiro kg 635. Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa ntibufite ibishushanyo mbonera bya tekiniki no gutegura no gutunganya tekinoroji ya 7XXX ya aluminium ya aluminiyumu yo mu ndege, kandi ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe biterwa rwose n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga. Bitewe nubunini bunini bwa 7XXX ya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu hamwe nibintu byinshi bivanze, urwego runini rwo gukomera, guhangayikishwa cyane, hamwe na okiside yoroshye / gutandukanya ibintu bivanze, ubwiza bwa metallurgiki yingingo ni mbi kandi ubushyuhe bwo mucyumba bukora ni buke, bifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere ibishashara bishya bya 7XXX.
Aluminium-lithium (Al-Li)
Aluminium-lithium alloy ni ibintu byihuta byiyongera cyane mubikoresho byindege mumyaka yashize. Ifite ibiranga ubucucike buke, modulus yo hejuru ya elastike, gukomera gukomeye, gukora umunaniro mwiza, no kurwanya ruswa. Nyuma yo gusimbuza aluminiyumu isanzwe, misa irashobora kugabanukaho 10% ~ 20% naho gukomera birashobora kwiyongera 15% ~ 20%. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, isosiyete y'Abanyamerika ALCOA yatangije “ALCOA Aviation 20/20 Gahunda”, hagamijwe kugabanya ibiciro n'uburemere bwa aluminiyumu yo mu ndege ku kigero cya 20% buri umwe mu myaka 20. Constellium yateje imbere 2050 na 2198 aluminium-lithium (Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag) ifite ubucucike buke, ubukana bwinshi no kwihanganira ibyangiritse. Hariho amanota make ya Al-Li alloy amanota yigenga yatejwe imbere mubushinwa, kandi niyo yakoreshejwe 1420 gusa. Aluminium-lithium ikoreshwa mu ndege itwara abagenzi C919 itangwa na Alcoa. Imbere mu gihugu, hashobora gusa gutangwa amanota make ya alloy nka 1420, 2195, 2197, na 2A97, kandi ibyinjira ni ingobyi gusa iri munsi ((310 ~ 400) × 1280 × 4000) mm hamwe nizunguruka ziri munsi ya mm 650. Flat ingots (2B16) ifite umubyimba urenga mm 60 nubugari bwa mm zirenga 1500, naho ingots (2B16) zifite umurambararo wa mm zirenga 1500 mm murwego rwo gukoresha indege zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zitarakorwa mu nganda. Niyo mpamvu, bifite akamaro kanini gutezimbere aluminium-lithium alloy igishushanyo, ultra-nini ingot itegura hamwe nubuhanga bwimbitse.
Amashanyarazi ya aluminiyumu
Amavuta ya aluminiyumu adashobora gushyuha ni ibikoresho by'ibanze mu rwego rwo mu kirere, mu modoka, gutwara gari ya moshi, n'ibindi mu kugenzura ibintu nka Si, Fe, Ni, Ag, hamwe n'ubutaka budasanzwe kugira ngo ibinini bya aluminiyumu birwanya okiside kandi bitembera mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Imyunyu ngugu ya aluminiyumu irwanya ubushyuhe harimo: 2519, 2618, 2219, 2D70, n'ibindi. Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zo mu kirere n’imodoka, ibisabwa byinshi bishyirwa kuri aluminiyumu idashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe. Igisekuru gishya cy'indege z'intambara gifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo kugenda, kandi ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwuruhu rwa fuselage buri hejuru ya 150 ° C. Kugeza ubu, gukoresha igihe kirekire ubushyuhe bwa aluminiyumu irwanya ubushyuhe nka 2618 na 2D70 iri munsi ya 150 ° C. Nibyingenzi gutezimbere aluminiyumu nshya irwanya ubushyuhe.
Al-Sc ivanze hamwe na ultra-low scandium (Sc) ibirimo
Al-Sc alloy ifite ibintu byiza cyane nkimbaraga nyinshi, plastike nziza no kurwanya ruswa, kandi ibaye igisekuru gishya cyibikoresho byoroheje byo mu kirere, amato, nibindi nyuma ya Al-Li. Imbaraga zingana za Al-Mg alloy zirimo urugero rwa scandium iri hejuru ya 30% ugereranije na 5083 ivanze, kandi imbaraga zumusaruro zikubye kabiri. Ubudodo bwabwo buragereranywa nubusanzwe busanzwe bwa 5XXX, imiterere yubukorikori bwa zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe hamwe na weld bigereranywa nubwa matrix, kandi kurwanya ruswa kwayo kugereranywa nubwa 5083. Gusimbuza 5XXX cyangwa 6XXX yuruhererekane rwogukora ibikoresho byo mu kirere birashobora kugera ku ngaruka zikomeye zo kugabanya ibiro, kandi kandi ni ibikoresho bisumba ibinyabiziga n'ibinyabiziga bya gari ya moshi. Uburusiya buri ku isonga ku isi mu guteza imbere amavuta ya aluminiyumu ya scandium, kandi yashizeho Al-Mg-Sc, Al-Mg-Li-Sc, Al-Zn- MgSc, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc, hamwe na Al-Cu-Mg-Sc ivanze na scandium irimo 0.18% ~ 0.5%. Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya aluminium-scandium mu kirere no mu modoka, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa yashyize ku rutonde scandium-irimo amavuta ya aluminiyumu nkimwe mu bikoresho bishya bigamije iterambere ryambere. Ubushinwa bukungahaye ku mutungo wa scandium kandi bwubatsemo umurongo wo gukuramo ibicuruzwa byinshi bya scandium oxyde, bishyiraho urufatiro rwo guteza imbere amavuta ya aluminium-scandium.
500 MPa urwego rushyushye kashe ya aluminium alloy kumodoka
Haracyariho ubusa muri kashe ishyushye ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu ikomeye cyane mubushinwa. Guhuza ibikoresho bishya hamwe niterambere rishya ryuburyo nuburyo bwiza bwo gukemura ikibazo cyimbaraga zikomeye za aluminium alloy ibice byimodoka. Kwibanda kuri 7XXX yuruhererekane, gushakisha byimazeyo 2XXX, no guteza imbere ibikoresho bya MPa 500 bya aluminiyumu ya aluminiyumu yo gushyirwaho kashe ifite ibyiringiro byingenzi byo gukora ibice byimodoka bifite imiterere.
Ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu
Isahani ya aluminiyumu-ibyuma byinshi: Ihuza ryiza hagati ya aluminium nicyuma ryabaye imwe mu mbogamizi ziremereye zoroheje zubatswe nubwato bunini. Aluminium-ibyuma byinzibacyuho ikoreshwa mugusudira hagati ya aluminium nicyuma itanga igisubizo cyo gusimbuza inzira gakondo. Honda yateje imbere tekinoroji na aluminiyumu ihuza ikoranabuhanga rizakoreshwa ku isi hose mu makarito yakozwe n’imodoka. Kugeza ubu, ibice bya aluminium-ibyuma bikoreshwa mu Bushinwa bitumizwa mu mahanga cyane cyane biva mu mahanga, igiciro kikagera kuri 4 × 10 5 CNY / t. Hamwe nigihe kizaza kinini kinini, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gusudira, guhangayikishwa cyane no guhuza imiyoboro irakenewe kugirango uhuze, kandi birakenewe byihutirwa bya aluminium-ibyuma.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-08-2025
